NEOLOGISMS

                                      

A neologism is the name for a newly coined term, word or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use but that has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms are directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. Neolexia (new word, or the act of creating a new word) is a synonym for it. The term neologism is first attested in English in 1772, borrowed from French néologisme (1734).

A neologosm may also be a new usage of an existing word, sometimes called a semantic extension. This is distinct from a person's idiolect, one's unique patterns of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

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FAMOUS COUPLES

                            

When two people are famous for their amazing performance or partnership, they become a famous couple or pair and many people know them all over the world!

They can belong to the music, comics, television, radio, etc. world, but it does not matter where they come from people remember them for years.

I'm completely sure you know this famous pair: Batman & Robin. Watch this Power Point Presentation (PPP) to see what you know about them.

Famous pairs from Liliana Lo Preiato

Find information about a famous pair/couple you know and design a PPP about them. The presentation must include seven slides at least. Decorate it as you prefer and add pictures or photos in your work. Use my PPP as a guide.

                               

REPORTED SPEECH - QUESTIONS

    

§  Questions with the answer yes or no are reported using asked and if.

e.g. ‘Does the London train stop here?’   ð becomes: She asked me if the London train stopped there.

Note: Be careful because the question form of the direct speech does not exist anymore in reported speech (no direct question). So there is no question mark, some auxiliaries must be omitted, and sometimes the order must be changed.

e.g. ‘Are you going with John?’  ð becomes: She asked me IF I was going with John. (inversion: subject + verb to be)

       ‘Do you like red roses?’  ð becomes: She asked me if I liked red roses. (omission auxiliary ‘do’)

§  When we report questions linked with or, the question is reported with whether instead of if.

e.g. ‘Will you drink coffee or tea?’  ð becomes:  She asked me whether I would drink coffee or tea.

§  Questions beginning with when, what, why, how, etc. (interrogative pronouns) are reported without if and using the interrogative pronoun.

e.g. ‘Where is the bus-station?’  ð becomes:  She asked me where the bus-station was.    

        ‘What have you done?’  ð becomes:  She asked me what I had done.

Click on the exercises below to practise reporting questions.

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE 4

EXERCISE 5

REPORTED SPEECH - STATEMENTS

             

When we use reported speech, all tenses move back one tense into the past from the original. This is called backshift.

e.g. Jack said, ‘The test is very difficult’   
ð becomes: He said (that) the test was very difficult.       

That is optional. The following chart includes the tense changes and an example from direct speech to indirect (or reported) speech.

TENSE CHANGES	DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
§  SIMPLE PRESENT to  SIMPLE PAST	He said, ‘I live in Paris.’	He said he lived in Paris.
§  SIMPLE PAST to PAST      PERFECT	He said, ‘I went to New York on holiday.’	He said he had gone to New York on holiday.
§  SIMPLE FUTURE to SIMPLE      CONDITIONAL	He said, ‘I will give Jack a call.’	He said he would give Jack a call.
§  PRESENT CONTINUOUS to      PAST CONTINUOUS	He said, ‘I am cooking dinner.’	He said he was cooking dinner.
§  PRESENT PERFECT to PAST      PERFECT	He said, ‘I have visited London twice.’	He said he had visited London twice.
§  PAST PERFECT to PAST      PERFECT	He said, ‘I had already eaten.’	He said he had already eaten.
§  BE GOING TO (+ infinitive) to      WAS/WERE GOING TO (+       infinitive)	He said, ‘I am going to find a new job.’	He said he was going to find a new job.
§  CAN to COULD	He said, ‘I can’t get you out of my mind.’	He said he couldn’t get her out his mind.
§  MUST to HAD TO (+ infinitive)	He said, ‘I must finish the project.’	He said he had to finish the project.
§  HAVE TO to HAD TO	He said, ‘I have to go to Manchester tomorrow’	He said he had to go to Manchester the following day.
§  SHOULD to SHOULD	He said, ‘I should be early.’	He said he should be early.

In reported speech, references to people, places and times often change, because the point of view changes.

e.g. She said, ‘I want to bring my children.’   
ð becomes:  She said she wanted to bring her children.

      

       Jack said, ‘I’ll see you here on Monday.’  
ð becomes:  Jack said he would see me there on Monday.

                                    

       Ron said, ‘I bought this book yesterday.’ 
 ð becomes:  Ron said he had bought The book the day before.

The following chart includes the changes which are necessary when using time and place signifiers (reference to people and places.) It is also included an example from direct speech to indirect (or reported) speech.

TIME & PLACE CHANGES	DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
§  TODAY to THAT DAY	He said, ‘I’ve done it today.’	He said he’d done it that day.”
§  TOMORROW to THE NEXT/     FOLLOWING DAY	He said, ‘I’ll bring that tomorrow.’	He said he would bring that the following day.
§  YESTERDAY to THE DAY      BEFORE	He said, ‘I lost my keys yesterday.’	He said he had lost his keys the day before.
§  NEXT to THE FOLLOWING	He said, ‘I’ll come back next week.’	He said he would come back the following week.
§  TONIGHT to THAT NIGHT	He said, ‘I’ll be back tonight.’	He said he would be back that night.
§  LAST to THE PREVIOUS	He said, ‘I arrived last Monday.’	He said he had arrived the previous Monday.
§  NOW to AT THAT MOMENT/THEN	He said, ‘I’m watching TV now.’	He said he was watching TVthen.
§  THIS to THE/THAT/IT	He said, ‘I must finish this before leaving.’ He said, “I bought this car.”	He said he had to finish that/itbefore leaving. He said he had bought the/thatcar.
§  AGO to BEFORE	He said, ‘I was there a week ago’	He said he had been there a week before.
§  HERE to THERE	He said, ‘I’ll be here very soon.’	He said he would be there very soon.

Click HERE to continue learning REPORTING STATEMENTS!

AND NOW...

Click on the following exercises and practise reporting statement.

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE 4

EXERCISE 5

                                         

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

                          

We often have to give information about what people say or think. To do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.





Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech or quoted speech.
What a person says appears within quotation marks ("...").

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations", said she.





Indirect speech, also called reported speech, doesn't use quotation marks to explain what the person said and it doesn't have to be word by word.

When you use reported speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because the person who spoke originally did it in a different time than now). So, the verbs usually have to be in past tenses, too.

For example:

Direct Speech                       Indirect Speech
"I'm going to the cinema,"     He said he was going to the 
he said.                                  cinema.

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