DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

                          

We often have to give information about what people say or think. To do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.





Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech or quoted speech.
What a person says appears within quotation marks ("...").

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations", said she.





Indirect speech, also called reported speech, doesn't use quotation marks to explain what the person said and it doesn't have to be word by word.

When you use reported speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because the person who spoke originally did it in a different time than now). So, the verbs usually have to be in past tenses, too.

For example:

Direct Speech                       Indirect Speech
"I'm going to the cinema,"     He said he was going to the 
he said.                                  cinema.

CONTINUE LEARNING REPORTED SPEECH WITH ME!

Click HERE AND WATCH THE VIDEO.

Simple Past & Past Continuous - Project Work & WebQuest!

Project Work & WebQuest

This is our next challenging activity! 

Read the following worksheet. Print all the pages and solve the activities in a separate sheet of paper.

Read carefully each step before solving each exercise and ask me if you need help with our WebQuest!

height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block;"> Simple Past-past Continuous Project Work by lilianalopreiato


    

Hand in your Project & WebQuest on time!

 

COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

IS A NOUN COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE?

In English nouns are countable or uncountable. 


COUNTABLE NOUNS


Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: pen. We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns: 

• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

• My dog is playing.
• My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a / an with countable nouns: 

• A dog is an animal. 

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a / the / my / this with it:

•  I want an orange. (not I want orange)
• Where is my bottle) (not Where is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

• I like oranges.
• Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

• I've got some dollars.
• Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

• I've got a few dollars.
• I haven't got many pens.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts, etc. that cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot count them. For example, we cannot count milk. We can count bottles of milk or litres of milk, but we cannot count milk itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:

• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verbs. For example:

• This news is very important.
• Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a / an with uncountable noun. We cannot say an information or a music. But we can say a something of: 

• a piece of news
• a bottle of water
• a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns: 

• I've got some money.
• Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

• I've got a little money.
• I haven't got much rice.

Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns: 

Countable	Uncountable
dollar	money
song	music
suitcase	luggage
table	furniture
battery	electricity
bottle	wine
report	information
tip	advice
journey	travel
job	work
view	scenery

NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE

Sometimes, the same noun can be countable or uncountable, often with a change of meaning. Here are some examples of nouns that can be both countable or uncountable:

Countable		Uncountable
There are two hairs in my coffee!	hair	I don't have much hair.
There are two lights in our bedroom.	light	Close the curtain. There's too much light!
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise. There are so many different noises in the city.	noise	It's difficult to work when there is too much noise.
Have you got a paper to read? (newspaper) Hand me those student papers.	paper	I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?
Our house has seven rooms.	room	Is there room for me to sit here?
We had a great time at the party. How many times have I told you no?	time	Have you got time for a coffee?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest works.	work	I have no money. I need work!

Watch this presentation about countable and uncountable nouns that will clarify this concept.

Countable and uncountable nouns from Inma Dominguez

LET'S PRACTISE!!


CLICK ON THE LINKS BELOW TO PRACTISE ON COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:


EXERCISE 1


EXERCISE 2


EXERCISE 3


EXERCISE 4


EXERCISE 5


EXERCISE 6


EXERCISE 7

SIMPLE PAST

The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.

 

Form of Simple Past

 

Affirmative sentences:

Always use the same form of the verb no matter what the subject is.

regular verbs	irregular verbs
I played football.	I went to the supermarket.

---

 

Negative sentences:

Always use the auxiliary DID no matter what the subject is.

regular verbs	irregular verbs
I did not play football.	I did not go to the supermarket.

NOTE: Short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Past are used quite often.

regular verbs	irregular verbs
I didn't play football.	I didn't go to the supermarket.

---

 

Questions:

Always use the auxiliary DID no matter what the subject is.

regular verbs	irregular verbs
Did you play football?	Did I go to the supermarket?

 

Questions without question words in the Simple Past

 

Auxiliary	Subject	Verb	Rest	Yes/No	Subject	Auxiliary (+ n't)
Did	Max	play	football?	Yes,	he	did.
				No,	he	didn't.
Did	you	watch	the film yesterday?	Yes,	I	did.
				No,	I	didn't.

Remeber the verb TO BE does not take auxiliaries

To be	Subject		Rest	Yes/No	Subject	Auxiliary (+ n't)
Were	you		in Leipzig last week?	Yes,	I	was.
				No,	I	wasn't.

In the simple past for irregular verbs we use the past form (list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For regular verbs, just add “-ed”.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

 

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed	Example
after a final e only add d	love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	admit – admitted travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i	hurry – hurried

 

Use of Simple Past

• action in the past taking place once, never or several times
  Example: He visited his parents every weekend.
• actions in the past taking place one after the other
  Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.
• action in the past taking place in the middle of another action
  Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.
  
  

 

Signal Words of Simple Past

• yesterday, before, ago, in 1990, the other day, on their holiday, last night, last Friday, last weekend, last year, etc. 

 CLICK ON THE LINKS BELOW TO PRACTISE SIMPLE PAST

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE 4

EXERCISE 5

EXERCISE 6

EXERCISE 7

EXERCISE 8

EXERCISE 9

And... if explanation has not been enough and you need more, watch these slides Simple Past Tense View more PowerPoint from IES

STEREOPYPING

What is a stereotype? Stereotypes are qualities assigned to groups of people related to their race, nationality, and sexual orientation, to name a few. Because they generalize groups of people in manners that lead to discrimation and ignore the diversity within groups, stereotypes should be avoided.


Examples: 


►All African American are good at sports.

►Italian and French are the best lovers.








►All teenagers are rebels.









►Blond girls are unintelligent. 




 
►Spain is a country made of gypsies dancing flamenco everywhere.










►Old people are grumpy.









Any time you group races or individuals together and make a judgment about them without knowing them, this is an example of a stereotype. Racial remarks, sexual remarks, and gender remarks are the biggest stereotypes.

Stereotyping is not only hurtful, it is also wrong. Even if it is correct in some cases, constantly putting someone down based on your preconceived perceptions will not encourage them to succeed. 

Media stereotypes are inevitable, especially in the advertising, entertainment and news industries, which need as wide an audience as possible to quickly understand information. 

Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of people.

Stereotypes reduce a wide range of differences in people to simplistic categorizations. They can transform assumptions about particular groups of people into “realities”. They can be used to justify the position of those in power or perpetuate social prejudice and inequality.

In addition, stereotyping can encourage bullying behavior that children carry into adulthood. 

Stereotyping can also lead people to live lives driven by hate, and can cause the victims of those stereotypes to be driven by fear. For example, many gays and lesbians are afraid to admit their sexuality in fear of being judged.

More often than not, the groups being stereotyped have little to say about how they are represented.

We should educate ourselves and people around us that stereotyping often is the result of general ignorance of another person's culture customs and norms. We can avoid it by learning about differences and similarities between the cultures.

READING COMPREHENSION ACTIVITIES

A. Find words in the text that mean:

1. One of the main groups that human can be divided into according to their physical differences, for example the colour of their skin.                                    
2. The practice of treating someone or particular group in society less fairly than others.                                                                                       
3. The ability to make sensible decisions after carefully considering the best thing to do                                                                                       
4. The main ways people receive information and entertainment as television, radio, newspapers, and internet.                                                                         
5. A belief or feeling that something is true, although there is no proof. (PLURAL)                                                                                                           
6. The bad feeling that you have when you are in danger or when a particular thing frightens you.                                                                           

B. True or false? Correct the wrong ones 

1. We only stereotype people when we have known them. 
2. Advertising, entertainment and news industries never stereotype. 
3. There is no relation between stereotyping and bullying. 
4. We cannot avoid stereotyping.
5. We should know more about other people´s cultures.

C. Are these stereotypes or realities?

1. Girls are only concerned about physical appearance.
2. Only anorexic women can become models.
3. Some teenagers are rebels.
4. Girls are not good at sports.
5. Chinese people always eat rice.
6. If somebody wear belts, belt buckles, jewlery, sunglasses, and hats they are part of a rock band, they are depressed or they take drugs. 
7. Some children don't eat vegetables.
8. Men drive cars better than women.

VOCABULARY

LET'S PRACTISE VOCABULARY! PLAY THIS BEES QUIZ. CLICK HERE AND ANSWER QUESTIONS TO WIN BEES.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

T

he PRESENT PERFECT TENSE generally describes past events which are connected with the present. 

► FORMATION             

subject + have / has + V  (action 3 col)	1º col	2º col	3º col
	go	went	gone

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I have gone	I haven't gone	Have I gone ?
You have gone	You haven't gone	Have you gone ?
He has gone	He hasn't gone	Has he gone ?
She has gone	She hasn't gone	Has she gone ?
It has gone	It hasn't gone	Has it gone ?
We have gone	We haven't gone	Have we gone ?
You have gone	You haven't gone	Have you gone ?
They have gone	They haven't gone	Have they gone ?

Affirmative	subject + have / has + V (3º col)
E.G. I have gone to New York - He ido a New York
He has gone to New York - El ha ido a New York
Negative	subject + haven't / hasn't + V (3º col)
E.G. I haven't gone to New York - No he ido a New York
He hasn't gone to New York - El no ha ido a New York
Interrogative	Have / Has + subject + V (3º col) ?
E.G.  Have I gone to New York? - ¿He ido a New York ?
Has he gone to New York? - ¿Ha ido él a New York?

BE CAREFUL! THE ACTION VERB IS CONJUGATED IN PAST PARTICIPLE, THAT IS TO SAY, IF THE VERB IS REGULAR YOU ADD -ED. IRREGULAR VERBS TAKE THE 3º COLUMN
E.G.  Sarah has worked a lot this week.
         Sarah has gone to London this week.
 

►USAGE

T

here are a number of different meanings in the use. See the chart below:

 

Examples	Usage
Fred Meyers has had excellent marks this period. The students have just sat for the exam. Have they finished the report yet?	Giving or asking for news or recent events.
The study of irregular verbs has improved test scores. No, thank you. I've already eaten lunch. I can’t run because I’ve hurt my knee.	Past actions with results in the present.
She's traveled to many parts of the world. Have you ever been to France? They've never seen a mountain.	Life experience
He's lived in San Francisco for 10 years. How long have you worked for this company? They've studied English for 3 years.	Unfinished actions (action still in progress).
What have you done today? I haven’t seen her this week. I have been to Mar del Plata this year.	Actions with time that comes up to the present
Common present perfect time expressions include:	for (with a period of time), since (with an exact point in time), ever, never, yet, already, this week (month, year)

► BEEN & GONE

B

e careful with the use of these verbs. Spanish speakers use them wrongly easily. This rule will help you:

        *  If someone has gone to a place, he or she is there now
         e.g. – Where’s Iris?

            – She’s gone to Anna’s house. Call her there if you want. (she’s still there)

*  If someone has been to a place, he or she has travelled there and come back.

    e.g. – I’ve been to the USA three times this year. (i travelled there and i’m back 

             now)

 AND...

THERE ARE CERTAIN WORDS THAT CAN HELP YOU TO IDENTIFY THE PRESENT PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST IN A SENTENCE. SOME OF THEM ARE:

IMAGE SOURCE: 2.bp.blogspot.com

AND NOW IT'S...

LET'S PRACTISE PRESENT PERFECT!! CLICK ON THE LINKS BELOW TO START PRACTISING

PRESENT PERFECT & PAST SIMPLE

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE 4

EXERCISE 5

EXERCISE 6

EXERCISE 7

EXERCISE 8

EXERCISE 9

EXERCISE 10 

BEEN & GONE

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

Just in case you need more help because you could not understand Present Perfect vs Simple Past, watch the slides below. They will help you.

The Present Perfect Vs The Past Simple

View more PowerPoint from inmaculada